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Bolivarian propaganda
Bolivarian propaganda describes a political campaign originating in Venezuela used to promote Hugo Chávez's Bolivarian Revolution〔Manwaring (2005), pp. 8–13.〕 that uses emotional arguments to gain attention, exploit the fears (either real or imagined) of the population, create external enemies for scapegoat purposes, and produce nationalism within the population, causing feelings of betrayal for support of the opposition.〔Manwaring (2005), p. 11.〕 The World Politics Review stated that as Chávez began "transforming Venezuela into a socialist state" that propaganda was "an important role in maintaining and mobilizing government supporters".〔 The image of Chávez is seen on sides of buildings, on T-shirts, on ambulances, on official ''Petróleos de Venezuela'' (PDVSA) billboards, and as action figures throughout Venezuela. A 2011 article by ''The New York Times'' says Venezuela has an "expanding state propaganda complex" while ''The Boston Globe'' described Chávez as "a media savvy, forward-thinking propagandist" and that he had "the oil wealth to influence public opinion".〔 Chávez's successor, Nicolas Maduro, has continued using obligatory broadcasts on TV ("cadenas"). In some instances, he has compared Chávez to holy figures.〔〔〔
== Background ==
The term ''Bolivarian Revolution'' denotes a new system of government, which strays from U.S. influence,〔Manwaring (2005), p. 8.〕 based on Simón Bolívar's vision of a unified South America led by a "strong but compassionate caudillo".〔McCaughan (2005), p. 89.〕 The ''caudillo'' is responsible for transforming the military into the armed part of the nationalist revolution and enlisting the poor as its support base.〔McCaughan (2005), p. 107.〕 A so-called "participatory democracy", had become the foundation of the Hugo Chávez administration, with Chávez utilizing the national hero Simón Bolívar to legitimize his political standing.〔 According to Carroll, "Media mastery had helped the commandante win successive elections and turn his administration into what he called the Bolivarian revolution".
Chávez's popularity was then accomplished through "exploitation of charismatic legitimacy" and a propaganda program was then established to accomplish "participatory democracy", to strengthen his political position, and to strengthen his power base.〔〔Manwaring (2005), p. 10.〕 Douglas Schoen in ''The Threat Closer to Home'' said that Chávez has promoted his populist message〔 via programs and legislation including a loyal chavista branch of bishops in the Catholic Church,〔Schoen (2009), p. 154.〕 closing RCTV, and altering laws to require citizens to report disloyal citizens.〔Schoen (2009), p. 156.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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